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The learning library · Free to explore

From Santa Clara University’s classroom to your next decision.

Learn the idea. Work the numbers. Put it into practice. Explore finance, real estate, entrepreneurship, accounting, and AI through courses, useful tools, and conversations with people doing the work.

4free courses79calculators53articles84videos & episodes

Free learning resources, with no account or email required. Independently published by Devon Coombs; these are not SCU degree or credit-bearing courses.

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Choose a starting path: four practical activities, a worked example, and a checklist you can return to. Or browse the full library below.

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280 resources

A preview of each collection. Every resource is available below.
Start here for the fundamentals

Corporate Finance: The 10 Laws of Finance

Build your foundation in value, risk, time, and cash flow. Work through interactive lessons, examples, and practice questions.

Lessons, calculators, and a capstone

Real Estate Finance

Move from property cash flow to valuation, mortgages, underwriting, and investment decisions.

From business model to financing decision

Entrepreneurial Finance

Understand startup cash needs, valuation, venture capital, dilution, and the economics of a deal.

Practical workflows and exercises

Applied AI for Finance & Accounting

Practice real finance workflows, evaluate evidence, and keep professional judgment and controls in the process.

Practical guides 15

View all 15 practical guides
9-minute guide · examples and next steps

Executive presentation checklist: 10 practical tips

A 10-point executive presentation checklist from SCU finance faculty Devon Coombs. Use before-and-after examples, a free slide outline and a decision brief builder.

Show 12 more practical guides
7-minute guide · examples and next steps

How to build a should-cost model

Build a should-cost estimate from materials, labor, overhead and supplier margin. Try a worked example and download a free Excel template.

8-minute guide · examples and next steps

Financial due diligence: a practical checklist

Understand quality of earnings, EBITDA adjustments, net debt and the working-capital peg. Follow a worked purchase-price bridge and a diligence checklist.

6-minute guide · examples and next steps

Gross vs. modified gross vs. NNN leases

Compare gross, modified gross, triple net and absolute net commercial leases. See who pays operating costs and calculate total occupancy cost.

7-minute guide · examples and next steps

California property tax for a new homebuyer

Understand reassessment, supplemental property tax bills and the costs a mortgage payment leaves out. Includes a California buyer example and official sources.

7-minute guide · examples and next steps

SaaS bookings vs. billings vs. revenue vs. cash

Follow a $12,000 SaaS contract through bookings, invoices, revenue, cash, receivables and deferred revenue. Includes an interactive monthly timeline.

5-minute guide · examples and next steps

SOX vs. SOC 2: what is the difference?

Compare SOX financial-reporting controls with SOC 2 service-organization assurance, including SOC 1, Type 1 and Type 2 and practical next steps.

6-minute guide · examples and next steps

How to write a technical accounting memo

Use a practical technical accounting memo template: facts, issue, authoritative guidance, analysis, alternatives, conclusion, entries and review evidence.

7-minute guide · examples and next steps

Build a 13-week cash flow forecast with AI support

Build a weekly cash forecast from receipts and payments. Download a free Excel template, test a late collection and use AI for grounded commentary.

6-minute guide · examples and next steps

SAFE dilution: understand the ownership you sell

Follow a post-money SAFE through a simplified cap table and a later priced round. Understand valuation caps, option pools and dilution with a worked example.

6-minute guide · examples and next steps

Is $100K a good salary in the Bay Area?

Translate a $100,000 Bay Area salary into hourly pay and a realistic monthly budget. Compare household costs, benefits, saving and career tradeoffs.

10-minute guide · examples and next steps

CPA vs. CFA vs. MBA: which fits your career?

CPA vs. CFA vs. MBA: compare careers, requirements and tradeoffs. Use the career selector, check California’s 2027 CPA changes, and find SCU resources.

Videos & podcast 84

View all 84 videos & podcast
Show 81 more videos & podcast
Episode 24 · 47 min

Revenue vs. AI Reality

AI is changing how companies think about revenue, pricing, and cost in real time. Devon and Angela work through the accounting problems behind rapid AI feature launches, consumption-based pricing, and why traditional revenue recognition rules are getting harder to apply.

Episode 23 · 60 min

My $400,000 Mistake: A Time Value of Money Lecture

A lecture on the time value of money, from the five variables to the retirement math they drive. Devon uses his own decision to sell $200,000 of Google stock to pay off a 3% mortgage, forfeiting the upside when the stock later tripled, to show what opportunity cost really costs.

Episode 22 · 46 min

Understanding Crypto, Blockchain, and AI With Alula

Alula went from public accounting to founding Edge Consulting Labs, where he works on blockchain in business operations and AI-driven tools. He and Devon, college friends, cover the evolution and misconceptions of cryptocurrency, Bitcoin's scarcity model, and Edge Flow, a blockchain-based inventory management tool.

Episode 21 · 50 min

From Immigrant Accountant to Tech CEO, and Why He Walked Away

Jotham grew up in the Philippines with a chip on his shoulder, broke through as a CPA, then built and led a technology company. A health crisis forced him to re-evaluate everything, and he talks about using a custom ChatGPT to manage his recovery and about trading relentless accomplishment for what matters.

Episode 20 · 38 min

Beyond Billables: How Principal Consulting Group Built a Firm Around People

Ryan Volk and Aaron Einhorn left traditional accounting careers to launch Principal Consulting Group, an advisory firm that puts culture and trust ahead of transactions. They explain hiring slow and firing fast, expanding from technical accounting into data analytics without losing quality, and the leadership lessons that came with growth.

Episode 19 · 46 min

North Pole Marathoner and Oracle Executive: Melissa on Grit in Tech and Endurance

Melissa has navigated billion-dollar transformations in tech, from shrink-wrapped software to global cloud infrastructure and AI, and has run a marathon on a floating sheet of ice with polar bear guards. She connects endurance sport to leading global teams and shares advice for CFOs on risk and understanding a business beyond the numbers.

Episode 18 · 33 min

Your Mindset Is Keeping You Broke and Burnt Out. Here Is How to Fix It.

Kelsie Neibel hit severe burnout more than once in a high-performing sales career that ran through Deloitte and Goldman Sachs. She explains the science-backed methods she used to rewire her thinking, the T-chart method for replacing a scarcity mindset, and how she changed her relationship with money.

Episode 17 · 48 min

Financial Freedom and Tax Strategies With CPA Shane Clark

Shane Clark left 75-hour weeks at a large accounting firm to join his father's tax practice in Los Angeles and build a family-centered business. He and Devon cover tax strategies for high earners, the benefits of owning a business, and the practical steps that stop lifestyle creep.

Episode 15 · 50 min

The Mistake That Killed My Startup Deal, and How to Avoid It

Nickolaus Violin launched a flexible workspace business and nearly lost it to real estate deals gone wrong, difficult landlords, and delayed permits. He talks candidly about trust and betrayal in partnerships, why a handshake is never enough, and where optimism turns into delusion for a founder.

Episode 14 · 47 min

Why Most AI Writing Fails, and How Ray Sang Is Fixing It With Inkwise

Ray Sang, a former Revenue Director at Elastic and Deal Controller at Google, is building Inkwise, an AI writing platform for professionals in law, accounting, and finance. He explains why most AI-generated memos and contracts are flawed, what professional-grade drafting with AI should look like, and drafts a real ASC 606 memo live.

Episode 13 · 64 min

From Burnout to Bestseller: A Nurse's Radical Career Reinvention

Sara Fung was denied stress leave and gaslit by her workplace before she walked away from a toxic healthcare system. She built a business from scratch, started The Gritty Nurse podcast, and reached number one on Canada's bestseller lists while raising kids and recovering from burnout.

Episode 12 · 52 min

We Are All Lying: Blake Oliver on the Collapse of Accounting, and How to Fix It

Blake Oliver, CPA, founder of Earmark and host of the most listened-to accounting podcast, joins Devon to talk about the crisis of trust in the profession: secret timesheets, burnout built into the system, CPE that no longer teaches, and revenue recognition games. They also talk about what it would take to fix it.

Episode 11 · 46 min

They Left $300K Tech Jobs to Build AI for Accountants: TABot's Startup Story

Nina and Harton left careers at Google and Big 4 firms to build TABot, an AI co-pilot for technical accountants. They explain how fine-tuned models save hours in audit and memo preparation, how they dealt with hallucinations in accounting work, and what it takes to run a lean startup in a regulated space.

Episode 10 · 50 min

Getting Promoted Is the Worst Thing That Can Happen (If You Miss This)

Most promotions come with a lie: that you are ready. Executive coach Kent Frazier explains why top performers fail upward into roles they were never trained for, the invisible shift from contributor to leader, and the 90-day playbook every new leader should follow.

Episode 9 · 57 min

Overcoming Blindness and Starting With $20: Ravi Prakash on Leading Global Teams

Ravi Prakash arrived in the United States with no money and no family, lost his eyesight, and went on to lead digital transformation programs at Salesforce and write Safar, a book on resilience and self-mastery. He talks about leading when the odds are stacked against you and why joy has to come before money.

Episode 8 · 36 min

AI Cannot Coach You: Why Most Tech Founders Fail as Leaders

Vladimir Baranov coaches technical founders, including YC-backed teams, through the leadership problems that stall companies. He explains why brilliant engineers cap their own growth, how AI is misused as a crutch instead of a coach, and what breaks when a team reaches 10, 50, or 100 people.

Episode 7 · 44 min

10 Ways to Get a Job So Fast It Should Be Illegal

Larry Jacobson spent 15 years as a technical hiring manager at companies like Snap and Amazon before becoming an executive coach. He and Devon go through job search strategy for experienced professionals: the resume, the LinkedIn profile, networking that works, and how to handle interview questions.

Episode 6 · 51 min

Stop Feeling Lost and Discover Your Purpose

Nadia leads data analytics at Google and came through a period of mental health struggles during COVID-19 by finding her purpose. She shares the practices that got her there: listening to her own voice, reflection and journaling, and bringing her full self to work.

Episode 5 · 59 min

How to Avoid Burnout: Choose Your Life, Not Just Your Career

Eric Nehrlich hit rock bottom after years of 100-hour weeks at Google and rebuilt his career around his values. He talks about the moment he realized he had a choice, the discipline of saying no, and how experimenting with different paths led him to coaching.

Episode 4 · 64 min

Leadership Secrets From a Coast Guard Commander Turned Executive Coach

Shannon McCullar commanded in high-stakes environments before becoming an executive coach. He argues that leadership is influence, trust, and empowerment rather than rank or control, and explains why leaders who rescue their teams set them up to fail.

Episode 3 · 39 min

Why High Performers Get Stuck, and How to Break Through

Dr. Laura Aziz has led more than 3,000 coaching sessions with executives who hit a plateau. She explains why competence alone stops working at a certain level, the blind spots that hold professionals back, and how to communicate with real executive presence.

Episode 2 · 57 min

Trust Is the Ultimate Skill: From Stanford Engineer to Leadership Expert

Chirag Panjikar spent 20 years leading digital transformation and supply chain modernization, including teams of more than 250 people. His conclusion after all of it is that people and trust matter more than any technology, and he explains how to build that trust when a team does not believe in its leadership.

Episode 1 · 43 min

How to Take Control of Your Career and Leadership Growth

Limor Bergman coaches women in tech and engineering through self-doubt and into senior leadership. She walks through her own move from software engineering to executive coaching, the golden handcuffs that kept her in place for years, and why waiting for permission is the most common career mistake she sees.

Show 50 more articles
Substack · Jul 2026

Using Agentic Tools: Best Practices

A framework for planning AI work, supplying context, setting governance boundaries, and reviewing the result.

Devon Coombs · May 2026

Founder Archetype Self-Assessment Survey

A 36-question interactive diagnostic that maps you across five dimensions and generates a tailored archetype with specific guidance. Takes 10 minutes.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2026

Claude Cowork and Skill Packs for Finance

A practitioner's guide to Claude Cowork and Skill Packs. How AI-powered workflows are transforming financial close, reconciliation, and reporting.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2026

Claude Can Now Build Visuals Mid-Conversation

Anthropic shipped a feature this week that sounds incremental but isn't: Claude can now generate interactive visualizations directly inside the chat window.

Devon Coombs · Jan 2026

Your AI Strategy Is Backwards

Every finance leader I talk to asks the same question first: "What AI tools should we buy?" That's the wrong question and it's costing you months of progress.

Devon Coombs · Jan 2026

Is the AI Boom Built on Funny Money?

Circular deals, trillion-dollar commitments, and depreciation assumptions. How the money behind the AI buildout is structured, and what investors should watch.

Financial Executives Journal · Dec 2025

The Hidden Accounting Risks Shaping the AI Economy

The three largest areas of technical accounting risk in the AI economy. Revenue recognition, capitalization, and impairment. And what CFOs need to know.

Devon Coombs · Nov 2025

The Truth About Where You Are

A candid look at where you really are in your career, finances, and life. And why radical honesty about your starting point is the first step to growth.

Devon Coombs · Oct 2025

The AI Re-Org: Stop Buying Tools

Why buying AI tools without redesigning your organization is a recipe for failure. A framework for the structural changes AI actually demands.

Devon Coombs · Oct 2025

Did the EU Just Erase Your RPO? Not So Fast.

Unpacking the EU's new regulation and its real impact on remaining performance obligations (RPO). What CFOs and revenue accountants need to know.

Devon Coombs · Sep 2025

What I've Been Building Since Google

An update on what I've been building since leaving Google. Consulting, teaching, AI strategy work, and resources for finance leaders navigating change.

Devon Coombs · Sep 2025

A CEO's Breakthrough Framework

How an immigrant CEO turned his "chip on his shoulder" into a career. And why he had to let it go to build a life worth living.

Devon Coombs · Aug 2025

Scaling Without Losing What Makes You Great

Five years ago, I turned down the chance to help co-found a consulting firm. Not because I didn't believe in the people. I did. But I wasn't ready.

Devon Coombs · Jul 2025

Rule #10: If Everyone Is Avoiding It, Do It

What polar bear guards, AI readiness, and culture-fit calls have in common. The work everyone is avoiding is often the work worth doing.

Devon Coombs · Jul 2025

Is Your Biggest Partnership Deal a Time Bomb?

I've seen it happen more times than I can count. A high-growth company signs a massive, multi-year distribution deal. The press release goes out.

Devon Coombs · Jul 2025

The Secret Weapon of High Achievers

In the relentless pursuit of career goals, it's easy to fall into the trap of constantly doing more, striving harder, and pushing through burnout.

Devon Coombs · Jul 2025

Build a Deals Desk: Finance's Missing Function

Why a Deals Desk is the missing high-leverage function in most finance orgs. And how to build one that drives revenue, enables velocity, and protects margin.

Devon Coombs · Jun 2025

Human-in-the-Loop AI: Why Robots Still Need Us

Why AI won't replace the human judgment layer in finance, and why your org chart is about to flip. Real case studies from enterprise AI deployments.

Devon Coombs · Jun 2025

She Built a SaaS Accountants Actually Love

How Claire Tsukuda built a SaaS company accountants actually love. Without the title, degree, or VC backing. A masterclass in scrappy entrepreneurship.

Devon Coombs · May 2025

Leaving Google Cloud: 12 Hard-Earned Rules

After five years at Google Cloud, 12 hard-earned rules on leadership, ambition, deal-making, and building a career with purpose in Big Tech.

Devon Coombs · May 2025

What Nurses Taught Me About Lasting Leadership

What nurses taught a CPA about sustainable leadership, burnout prevention, and building careers that last. Lessons every finance leader needs to hear.

Devon Coombs · Apr 2025

Use AI Before It Replaces Your Workflows

How AI is transforming accounting workflows and what finance professionals need to do now to stay ahead of automation before it reshapes their roles.

Devon Coombs · Apr 2025

Your RSUs Won't Tuck Your Kids In

A CPA's guide to spotting the precise moment time outperforms money. And why smart companies should care about the human cost of compensation.

Devon Coombs · Apr 2025

You Don't Need $3 Million. You Need a Runway.

Why financial freedom might be 5 years away, not 30. How to build leverage, extend your runway, and create optionality without millions in the bank.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2025

From Broke to Boardroom: Lessons from My Car

My leadership training did not come from books. It came from living in my car. What sustained pressure teaches about leading with intention.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2025

3 Steps to a Dream Job Later in Your Career

Brutally honest career advice from hundreds of conversations with executives, coaches, and Big Tech professionals on making bold moves at any stage.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2025

Avoid Burnout by Choosing Your Life First

Outwardly successful and inwardly drained? How to design the life first and the career second, before burnout makes the choice for you.

Devon Coombs · Mar 2025

Breaking Free from Career Stagnation

Many high performers feel trapped in golden handcuffs, a career that pays well but no longer excites them. How to break free and own your growth.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

The RISE Again Job Hunting Playbook

A four-step method for a focused job search, written after going from sleeping in my car to leading finance initiatives at Google Cloud.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

Why Betting on Yourself Is the Smartest Move

Why I walked away from a six-figure partnership with equity and bonuses attached, and how to judge when betting on yourself is worth the risk.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

Meta's Layoffs and the Cost of Misalignment

After Meta let go of over 4,000 employees, including high performers, how to use LinkedIn to actually help, and what misalignment costs.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

Rock Bottom Was My Foundation

An excerpt from The 10 Laws of Finance, out now on Amazon. In 2010 I was $10,000 in debt and homeless, and why that turned out to be a foundation rather than an ending.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

The Career Mistakes I Wish I Knew at 21

Homeless at 21 after my first business collapsed. The career mistakes that cost me years, and what I would tell anyone starting over today.

Devon Coombs · Feb 2025

Break the Cycle: Rewire Your Brain for Growth

Career moves and money habits feel rational. Often they trace back to subconscious imprints. How to spot yours and rewire the pattern behind them.

Devon Coombs · Jan 2025

Why Resume Spamming Won't Land You a Job

Why blindly applying to hundreds of jobs is a losing strategy. And the targeted approach that actually works in tech, finance, and beyond.

Devon Coombs · Nov 2024

The Resilience Pyramid

A layered model for building resilience on purpose, so productivity metrics stop crowding out the parts of life that actually drive fulfillment.

Devon Coombs · Nov 2024

Lessons from My First (Failed) Business

At 18 I leased a North Hollywood recording studio and lost two years of savings. What that first failed business taught me about running one.

Real Estate

Income Waterfall

Calculates effective gross income for a rental property by walking gross potential rent down through vacancy, loss to lease, credit loss, and concessions, then adding other income. Inputs include unit count, market rent, vacancy and credit loss percentages, loss to lease, concessions, and other income, with presets for stabilized, lease-up, and stressed properties.

Real Estate

NOI, OER & Cap Rate

Calculates net operating income, the operating expense ratio, and the implied cap rate for an income property. Inputs are effective gross income, a line-item operating expense budget, and a purchase price or value.

Real Estate

Lease Economics: Expense Stop & Net Effective Rent

Calculates expense-stop or base-year expense recoveries and the net effective rent for a single office or retail lease. Inputs include rentable area, starting rent and annual escalation, lease term, free rent, tenant improvement allowance, and Year 1 operating expenses with a growth rate.

Show 76 more calculators
Valuation & Returns

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

Estimates the value of an income property by projecting annual NOI, capitalizing a terminal value at an exit cap rate, and discounting both back to present value. Inputs are Year 1 NOI, an NOI growth rate, the hold period, exit cap rate, selling costs, and a discount rate.

Debt & Financing

Loan Sizing & The Binding Constraint

Sizes the maximum commercial mortgage under LTV, DSCR, and debt yield tests and shows which constraint binds. Inputs are property value, annual NOI, interest rate, amortization period, and the maximum LTV, minimum DSCR, and minimum debt yield thresholds.

Fund Economics

Equity Waterfall, Return of Capital, Pref & Promote

Distributes total sale proceeds through a simplified GP/LP equity waterfall of return of capital, then preferred return, then the promote split, with the pref paid on both LP and GP capital. Inputs are the LP contribution, GP co-investment, preferred return rate, residual split, and total distributable proceeds.

Debt & Financing

NOI → Cash Flow After Debt Service

Calculates cash flow before and after debt service by netting capital costs, reserves, and loan payments out of NOI, then relates the result to equity invested and an implied value at a cap rate. Inputs include annual NOI, capital project and reserve line items, principal and interest payments, equity invested, and a cap rate.

Valuation & Returns

Levered vs Unlevered Returns (IRR)

Builds a full acquisition model with a driver-based NOI forecast, financing, and sale, then solves for unlevered and levered IRR, equity multiple, cash-on-cash, and debt coverage. Inputs span purchase price, closing costs, loan terms, Year 1 NOI and growth, reserves, hold period, and the terminal cap rate.

Valuation & Returns

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

Calculates the compound annual growth rate between a beginning and an ending value, alongside total growth and the naive linear average for comparison. Inputs are the beginning value, the ending value, and the number of annual periods.

Real Estate

Comparable Sale Adjustment (Proper Sequence)

Adjusts a comparable sale price in the standard appraisal sequence, transactional adjustments first (financing, then market conditions) and property adjustments after (location, physical, nonrealty), with percentage adjustments compounding. Inputs are the comparable sale price, each adjustment amount or percentage, and the months since the sale.

Valuation & Returns

Cap Rate Toolkit, Direct Cap · Band of Investment · R = Y − g

Values a property by direct capitalization and builds a cap rate two more ways, from a band-of-investment blend of debt and equity and from the growth decomposition R = Y − g. Inputs are stabilized NOI, a market cap rate, the LTV, mortgage constant, and equity dividend rate for the band, and a required return and long-term NOI growth rate.

Debt & Financing

Commercial Mortgage, Payment, Balloon & the Yield Ladder

Calculates the monthly payment, mortgage constant, Year 1 interest and principal split, balloon balance at maturity, and the yield ladder from note rate to lender yield to effective borrowing cost, held to term or prepaid early. Inputs are the loan amount, note rate, amortization, term, origination points, third-party closing costs, and an optional prepayment year.

Valuation & Returns

Unlevered Property DCF

Values a property from unlevered cash flows, growing NOI and escalating reserves each year and adding a reversion at an exit cap rate net of selling costs, all discounted at the property rate. Inputs include Year 1 NOI and growth, Year 1 reserves and escalation, the discount rate, hold period, exit cap rate, and selling costs.

Real Estate

Quick-Check Screener

Screens an asking price with four quick checks, price per unit, price per square foot, gross rent multiplier, and implied cap rate, each flagged against a market benchmark. Inputs are the asking price, unit count, building area, gross annual rent, NOI, and the comparable market figures for each screen.

Valuation & Returns

Valuation Sensitivity

Builds one-variable and two-variable direct-capitalization sensitivity tables showing how value moves as the cap rate and NOI change. Inputs are the base NOI, the base cap rate, and the step sizes for each variable.

Valuation & Returns

Investment Decision, NPV, IRR & MIRR

Evaluates a single property acquisition on unlevered and levered NPV and IRR, equity multiple, cash-on-cash, and MIRR. Inputs cover purchase price, Year 1 NOI and growth, reserves, hold period, exit cap rate, selling costs, loan terms, and the required returns.

Real Estate

After-Tax Cash Flow & Tax at Sale

Calculates annual depreciation and tax savings, the tax due at sale split into depreciation recapture and capital gain, and the resulting after-tax levered IRR and NPV on the chapter’s worked deal. The interactive inputs are the depreciable basis, recovery period, ordinary, recapture, and capital gain tax rates, up-front loan costs, and the after-tax required return, while the operating deal itself stays fixed.

Valuation & Returns

CAPM & Expected NPV

Calculates a CAPM required return from the risk-free rate, beta, and market risk premium, plus a probability-weighted expected NPV across bull, base, and bear scenarios. Inputs are the three CAPM parameters and a probability and NPV for each scenario.

Real Estate

Own vs. Lease

Compares owning corporate real estate against leasing by treating ownership as an incremental investment, rent avoided plus the depreciation shield each year and after-tax sale proceeds at exit, solved to an IRR against the firm’s real estate hurdle. Inputs include annual rent, the tax rate, purchase cost, depreciable basis, recovery period, appreciation, hold period, and required return.

Real Estate

Sale-Leaseback vs. Refinancing

Compares a sale-leaseback against a mortgage refinancing side by side, calculating the implied financing rate, the tax on the embedded gain, and net after-tax proceeds from each route. Inputs are the sale price, annual leaseback rent, cost basis, depreciable basis and years held, the corporate tax rate, and the refinance LTV and mortgage rate.

Real Estate

Development Spread

Calculates yield-on-cost, the development spread over the market cap rate, and the value created by building rather than buying. Inputs are land, hard, soft, and financing costs, the stabilized NOI, the market cap rate, and a required spread hurdle.

Debt & Financing

Construction Take-Out Sizing

Sizes the permanent take-out loan to the smallest of the LTV, DSCR, and debt yield tests on the stabilized property, then nets it against the construction loan to show cash returned or the gap to fill. Inputs are stabilized NOI and value, the three sizing constraints, a mortgage constant, and the construction loan balance.

Real Estate

Four-Quadrant Capital Map

Places an investment in the four-quadrant map of real estate capital, public or private crossed with equity or debt, showing representative vehicles, the benchmark index, and the control-versus-liquidity tradeoff for that quadrant. The inputs are the two selections, equity versus debt and public versus private.

Real Estate

DiPasquale-Wheaton Four-Quadrant Model

Solves the DiPasquale-Wheaton four-quadrant model to a long-run equilibrium rent, asset price, construction rate, and stock, and shows the rent overshoot that follows a demand shock while supply catches up. Inputs are the demand index, cap rate, depreciation rate, and replacement cost.

Real Estate

REIT Qualification Tester

Tests a company against the core REIT qualification rules, the 75 percent asset test, the 75 and 95 percent income tests, the 90 percent distribution requirement, the 100-shareholder minimum, and the 5/50 ownership rule. Inputs are the company’s asset and income percentages, distribution rate, shareholder count, and concentrated ownership share.

Fund Economics

GP/LP Distribution Waterfall

Runs sale proceeds through a return-of-capital, preferred-return, and promote waterfall, separating the GP’s co-investor return from its sponsor promote and optionally layering in a sponsor fee stack. Inputs include total equity, the GP co-investment, preferred return, promote rate, hold period, distributable proceeds, and the fee assumptions.

Fund Economics

Catch-Up & Clawback

Calculates a GP catch-up from the preferred return already paid and a clawback that trues up deal-by-deal promote against whole-fund results. Inputs are the pref paid and the GP’s target promote share on one side, and per-deal profits and losses, the promote rate, and promote already collected on the other.

Valuation & Returns

Portfolio Risk & Sharpe

Calculates two-asset portfolio volatility with correlation, the diversification benefit versus the weighted average, and the Sharpe ratio, plus an equal-weight ladder showing risk decline as assets are added. Inputs are the weight in each asset, the two volatilities, the correlation, the portfolio return, and the risk-free rate.

Valuation & Returns

Scenario Expected Return

Probability-weights bear, base, and bull IRRs and equity multiples into an expected return, compared against a required hurdle. Inputs are a probability, IRR, and equity multiple for each scenario plus the hurdle rate.

Real Estate

Cap-Rate Expansion & Leverage

Isolates how exit cap-rate expansion hits property value and, magnified by leverage, the equity beneath it, holding NOI and debt fixed. Inputs are the NOI, the going-in and exit cap rates, and the loan-to-value ratio.

Valuation & Returns

Loss-Recovery Asymmetry & Survival

Calculates the gain needed to recover a given loss of capital and the equity cushion that survives a value decline at a given leverage level. The inputs are the loss percentage and the loan-to-value ratio.

Real Estate

Yield on Renovation Cost

Calculates the yield on a renovation program as the incremental stabilized income divided by the renovation spend that produced it. Inputs are the number of units renovated, the cost per unit, and the monthly rent premium achieved.

Real Estate

Reprice a Diligence Finding

Converts a quantifiable due-diligence finding into a recommended purchase-price credit, the cost to cure grossed up by a contingency for overrun risk. Inputs are the estimated cost to cure and the contingency percentage.

Valuation & Returns

Scenario Weighting

Probability-weights base, upside, and stress IRRs into an expected IRR and contrasts it with the simple three-way average. Inputs are the levered IRR and probability weight for each of the three scenarios.

Valuation & Returns

Sensitivity Table, Levered IRR

Shades a five-year levered-IRR grid across annual rent growth and exit cap rate by whether each cell clears a chosen return floor, using modeled outputs from the course’s worked deal. The input is the return floor, since the underlying IRR grid is fixed to the chapter example.

Venture & Startup Finance

Unit Economics, CAC · LTV · LTV:CAC · Payback

Calculates customer acquisition cost, customer lifetime value, the LTV:CAC ratio, and the CAC payback period for a subscription business. Inputs are monthly revenue per customer, gross margin, monthly churn, sales and marketing spend, and new customers per month.

Venture & Startup Finance

Runway & Default Alive / Default Dead

Projects whether a startup reaches profitability before its cash runs out, the default alive or default dead question, along with current and worst-case runway. Inputs are cash on hand, monthly gross burn, current monthly revenue, and the monthly revenue growth rate.

Venture & Startup Finance

TAM / SAM / SOM, Bottom-Up Market Sizing

Sizes a market bottom-up into TAM, SAM, and SOM dollar figures from unit counts and contract value rather than top-down percentages. Inputs are total units in the market, serviceable units, reachable units near-term, expected penetration, and annual contract value.

Venture & Startup Finance

Pricing Sensitivity, Price Change → Operating Profit

Calculates how a price change, net of any volume response, flows through to operating profit, holding variable cost per customer constant. Inputs are the price, variable cost per customer, fixed costs, customer count, and the percentage changes in price and volume.

Corporate Finance

FCFF & FCFE, Free Cash Flow to the Firm and to Equity

Calculates free cash flow to the firm and free cash flow to equity from the same operating inputs, showing where the two measures diverge. Inputs are EBIT, the tax rate, depreciation and amortization, capital expenditures, the change in net working capital, interest expense, and net borrowing.

Valuation & Returns

Valuation Ratios, P/E and PEG

Calculates the price-to-earnings ratio and the growth-adjusted PEG ratio for a profitable company. Inputs are the market price per share, earnings per share, and the annual EPS growth rate.

Venture & Startup Finance

Liquidation Waterfall, Who Gets Paid at Exit

Splits an exit between preferred and common shareholders under non-participating, participating, and capped participating preference structures, including the point where the preferred converts to common. Inputs are the preferred investment, liquidation preference multiple, as-converted ownership, exit value, and the participation cap.

Valuation & Returns

Compound Growth (CAGR)

Calculates the compound annual growth rate implied by a beginning value, a target ending value, and a number of years, and contrasts the small early-year gains with the larger late-year gains the same rate produces. Inputs are the beginning value, the ending value, and the number of years.

Venture & Startup Finance

Subscription MRR Model

Projects monthly recurring revenue forward month by month, with ending MRR equal to beginning MRR plus new MRR minus churned MRR. Inputs are the price per unit, new units added per month, the monthly churn rate, and the number of months to project.

Venture & Startup Finance

Financing Need, Sizing the Raise

Calculates how much a startup needs to raise, the cumulative net burn to the next milestone plus a minimum cash floor minus cash on hand. Inputs are monthly net burn, months to the milestone, the minimum cash floor, and current cash on hand.

Venture & Startup Finance

Pipeline Coverage, Working Back From the Target

Works backward from a revenue target to the qualified opportunities and total pipeline value required at a given conversion rate. Inputs are the new revenue target, average deal size, and pipeline conversion rate.

Corporate Finance

Cost of Equity (CAPM) & WACC

Calculates a CAPM cost of equity, with an optional size premium, and blends it with the after-tax cost of debt into a weighted average cost of capital. Inputs are the risk-free rate, beta, equity risk premium, size premium, capital-structure weights, pre-tax cost of debt, and tax rate.

Valuation & Returns

Terminal Value, Gordon Growth

Calculates a Gordon growth terminal value, its present value, and the resulting enterprise value alongside the explicit-period cash flows. Inputs are the final-year free cash flow, the WACC, the perpetuity growth rate, and the length of the explicit forecast period.

Valuation & Returns

IRR vs MIRR

Calculates IRR and modified IRR side by side, with MIRR compounding interim cash flows forward at an explicit reinvestment rate instead of at the IRR itself. Inputs are the initial investment, the interim annual cash flow, the exit cash flow, the holding period, and the reinvestment rate.

Venture & Startup Finance

The VC Method, Work Backward From Exit

Works backward from a projected exit to post-money and pre-money valuations and the ownership a venture investor needs today, including an adjustment for expected future dilution. Inputs are the exit value, target annual return, years to exit, the investment amount, and expected dilution.

Valuation & Returns

Probability-Weighted Scenario Value

Calculates a startup’s expected value as the probability-weighted sum of failure, downside, base, and upside outcomes, with failure explicitly included at its own value. Inputs are a value and a probability for each of the four scenarios.

Venture & Startup Finance

Post-Money SAFE, Ownership at Signing

Calculates the ownership a post-money SAFE fixes at signing, the investment divided by the post-money valuation cap, and shows how additional SAFEs on the same cap dilute the founders rather than earlier SAFE holders. Inputs are the SAFE investment, the post-money valuation cap, and other SAFE money raised on the same cap.

Venture & Startup Finance

Ownership After the Round, the Option-Pool Shuffle

Calculates founder, investor, and option-pool ownership after a priced round under both a pre-money pool, which founders alone absorb, and a post-money pool shared pro rata. Inputs are the pre-money valuation, the new investment, and the option pool percentage.

Venture & Startup Finance

Founder Dilution Across Rounds

Compounds founder ownership downward across successive financing events, multiplying retained ownership by one minus each round’s dilution. Inputs are the dilution percentages for the option pool, seed SAFEs, Series A, and Series B.

Venture & Startup Finance

Antidilution, Who Absorbs a Down Round

Calculates how a down round resets the preferred’s conversion under full-ratchet versus broad-based weighted-average antidilution, and what each protection does to founder ownership. Inputs are the Series A share count and original price, the down-round price, founder shares, and the new shares issued.

Fund Economics

The 2-and-20 Model, Fees & Carried Interest

Calculates lifetime management fees and carried interest for a venture fund, fees charged on committed capital plus carry on investment profit. Inputs are committed capital, the management fee rate, fund life, carried interest rate, and the gross return multiple.

Fund Economics

The Distribution Waterfall, LP vs GP

Runs fund proceeds through the four-tier distribution waterfall, return of capital, preferred return, GP catch-up, then the carry split. Inputs are committed capital, total returned, the preferred-return hurdle, and the carried interest rate.

Fund Economics

Fund Multiples, DPI, RVPI, TVPI

Calculates the fund performance multiples DPI, RVPI, and TVPI, the realized, unrealized, and total value created per dollar paid in. Inputs are paid-in capital, cash distributions to date, and the residual value still held.

Fund Economics

Power Law, Odds of Catching an Outlier

Calculates the probability a venture portfolio catches at least one outlier winner, one minus the miss rate compounded across every investment. Inputs are the number of investments and the outlier rate per deal.

Corporate Finance

MM Proposition II, Leverage & the Cost of Equity

Calculates how leverage raises the cost of equity under Modigliani-Miller Proposition II without taxes, while the blended WACC stays at the unlevered return. Inputs are the unlevered return, the cost of debt, and the debt-to-equity ratio.

Corporate Finance

Interest Tax Shield, MM with Taxes (1963)

Calculates the interest tax shield created by permanent debt and the resulting levered firm value under Modigliani-Miller with corporate taxes. Inputs are the unlevered firm value, the amount of permanent debt, and the corporate tax rate.

Corporate Finance

WACC, Weighted Average Cost of Capital

Calculates the weighted average cost of capital by blending the cost of equity with the after-tax cost of debt at their capital-structure weights. Inputs are the equity weight, cost of equity, pre-tax cost of debt, and tax rate.

Venture & Startup Finance

Venture Debt, Runway Extension & Its Cost

Calculates the runway extension venture debt buys, its share of the last equity round, and the total interest cost of carrying it. Inputs are the debt raised, the size of the last equity round, monthly net burn, the interest rate, and months outstanding.

Venture & Startup Finance

The Ask, Size the Raise, Price the Dilution

Sizes a fundraising ask from months to milestone times monthly burn, then prices the dilution correctly as the raise over the post-money valuation rather than over the pre-money. Inputs are the months to the next milestone, net monthly burn, and the pre-money valuation.

Venture & Startup Finance

Affordable Loss, the Constrained Founder’s Budget

Calculates an affordable-loss budget, the months of experimentation it buys, and the personal cash floor a founder keeps if the venture fails. Inputs are personal savings, the share of savings committed, monthly venture spend, and monthly side income.

Valuation & Returns

Trading Comps, Multiple → EV → Equity Value

Values a company by trading comparables, applying the median peer EV/Revenue multiple to target revenue and netting out debt to reach equity value. Inputs are three peer multiples, the target company’s revenue, and net debt.

Venture & Startup Finance

Note Conversion, Pre-Money vs Post-Money Method

Calculates how a convertible note converts under the fixed pre-money versus fixed post-money methods, and the founder ownership gap the choice of method creates. Inputs are founder shares, the pre-money valuation, round size, note principal, interest rate and years outstanding, and the conversion discount.

Fund Economics

Fund IRR & the J-Curve

Calculates a venture fund’s IRR from its capital call and distribution schedule and traces the cumulative cash J-curve from trough to final distribution. Inputs are committed capital, the investment period, the gross return multiple, and the harvest period.

Calculators

Compound Interest

Calculates the future value of a starting balance plus monthly contributions with interest compounded monthly, and splits the ending balance into the dollars contributed and the growth earned on top of them. Inputs are the starting principal, the monthly contribution, the annual rate, and the number of years.

Calculators

Savings Goal

Calculates the monthly deposit generally needed to reach a savings goal by a chosen date, after crediting what current savings are projected to grow to on their own. Inputs are the goal amount, current savings, an assumed annual rate, and the years to the goal.

Calculators

Emergency Fund

Calculates an emergency fund target as a chosen number of months of essential expenses, the gap between that target and the current fund, and roughly how many months closing the gap could take at a given saving pace. Inputs are monthly essential expenses, the months of coverage, the current fund balance, and the monthly amount saved toward it.

Calculators

Debt Payoff, Avalanche vs Snowball

Compares the avalanche and snowball payoff orders for up to three debts, showing the months to a zero balance and the total interest paid under each. Inputs are each debt’s balance, APR, and minimum payment, plus the extra amount paid every month.

Calculators

Mortgage Payment (PITI)

Calculates the full monthly mortgage payment, principal and interest plus property tax and homeowners insurance, commonly called PITI. Inputs are the home price, down payment percentage, interest rate, loan term, an annual property tax rate, and the annual insurance premium.

Calculators

Rent vs Buy

Compares the wealth each path leaves after a chosen horizon: the renter invests the down payment, closing costs, and any monthly savings at a chosen market return, while the owner builds equity net of selling costs, with property tax, insurance, maintenance, PMI, and appreciation all modeled. The result names which path is ahead, by how much, and the approximate breakeven year.

Calculators

FIRE Number

Calculates a FIRE number, the portfolio that supports a level of annual spending at a chosen withdrawal rate, and estimates the years until the current portfolio and savings pace could reach it. Inputs are annual spending, the withdrawal rate, the current portfolio, savings per year, and an assumed annual return.

Calculators

50/30/20 Budget

Splits monthly after-tax income into the 50/30/20 guideline amounts for needs, wants, and saving, and compares each against what is actually being spent. Inputs are the monthly after-tax income and the actual amounts currently going to needs, wants, and saving.

Calculators

Car Affordability

Calculates the car price a monthly payment budget can generally support by discounting the payments at the loan rate and adding the cash down payment and any trade-in value. Inputs are the monthly budget, the loan rate, the term in months, the down payment, and the trade-in value.

Calculators

Student Loan Payoff

Calculates the months to pay off a student loan and the total interest at the current monthly payment, then shows the time and interest an extra monthly amount could save. Inputs are the loan balance, the interest rate, the monthly payment, and the extra paid per month.

Calculators

Hourly to Salary

Converts an hourly wage into annual, monthly, biweekly, weekly, and daily gross pay on any schedule, plus the time-and-a-half overtime rate. Inputs are the hourly wage, hours per week, and paid weeks per year, so unpaid time off is reflected in the annual figure.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Monthly Budget

A one-month budget worksheet that plans income, fixed expenses, variable expenses, and savings side by side with actual spending. Subtotal formulas, a 50/30/20 guideline check, and over-or-under highlighting can help show where a month drifted from the plan.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Personal Cash Flow Statement

A twelve-month personal cash flow statement that records cash inflows and outflows by category, laid out the way an introductory finance course frames it. Monthly subtotals, a net cash flow line, and a cumulative row can help show whether a household is building or draining cash over the year.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Net Worth Tracker

A net worth statement that lists liquid, invested, property, and other assets against outstanding liabilities, with the net worth line calculated for you. A quarterly tracking table with dollar and percent change columns can help show the trend rather than a single snapshot.

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Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Debt Payoff Planner

A planner that orders up to eight debts by interest rate for the avalanche method, from a list of balances, APRs, and minimum payments. Formulas rank each debt, direct one extra monthly payment at the top priority, and estimate months to pay off, and a notes tab compares avalanche with snowball.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Savings Goal Tracker

A tracker that holds multiple savings goals, each with a target amount, the amount saved so far, and a planned monthly contribution. Formulas estimate the months remaining for each goal, and in-cell progress bars can help show which goals are on pace.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Loan Amortization Schedule

A month-by-month amortization schedule for any fixed-rate loan, built from the loan amount, rate, term, and an optional extra monthly payment. Formulas fill in each payment’s interest, principal, and remaining balance, along with months to pay off, total interest, and the interest saved by paying extra.

Free Excel download (.xlsx)

Investment Growth Projector

A year-by-year projection of an investment balance from a starting amount, a monthly contribution, and an assumed annual return. Formulas fill in each year’s contributions, growth, and ending balance, and a summary splits the ending balance into money put in and growth earned on top.

References & frameworks 38

View all 38 references & frameworks
References & frameworks

The integration blueprint

Plan an ERP or systems integration with decision gates, workstreams, a partner scorecard, and a cost calculator.

References & frameworks

AI readiness assessment

Assess your team’s readiness for AI across five dimensions, then identify the capabilities to build next.

References & frameworks

AI foundations for finance

Learn how language models, context, agents, and skills work. Try an interactive reconciliation exercise.

Show 35 more references & frameworks
References & frameworks

Finance questions, answered

Start with a question. Get a plain-language answer, a worked example, and the right tool for the next step.

Interactive career and lifestyle planner

SCU & Bay Area finance career guide

Compare career paths, Bay Area pay, credentials, SCU clubs, and the lifestyle your income could support.

References & frameworks

Research & applied frameworks

Explore Devon’s research and methods for finance, AI adoption, accounting controls, and decision-making.

References & frameworks

The AI-augmented accountant

A research-backed method for putting AI to work in accounting while preserving professional judgment.

References & frameworks

Salary to hourly wage

What $30,000 to $1,000,000 a year works out to per hour.

Side-by-side comparison

NPV vs IRR: Which to Use and When

NPV measures dollars of value created; IRR reports an annualized percentage return. When rankings disagree, NPV generally orders deals by value added.

Side-by-side comparison

IRR vs MIRR: Which Return Measure to Trust

IRR assumes interim cash flows reinvest at the IRR itself, which can overstate returns. MIRR applies an explicit reinvestment rate. When to rely on each.

Side-by-side comparison

DSCR vs LTV: Which Constraint Sizes Your Loan

LTV caps a loan against property value; DSCR caps it against income coverage of debt service. Lenders fund the smaller result, and DSCR often binds first.

Side-by-side comparison

LTV vs CAC: Which to Use When Funding Growth

LTV measures customer value, CAC the cost to acquire one. Why a healthy LTV:CAC ratio can still burn cash, and why the payback period decides growth spend.

Side-by-side comparison

TVPI vs DPI: Which Multiple to Trust and When

TVPI blends cash returned with unrealized marks; DPI counts only cash back per dollar paid in. Which multiple to trust at each stage of a fund's life.

Keep up with the original collections.

The library brings together articles from this site, Substack, and the Financial Executives Journal, plus public lectures, worked examples, AI tutorials, and podcast episodes. Some essays have different titles across publications; search either title to find them.